24 Feb 2010
Don’t let your bulldog develop ear infections. The anatomy of their ears is conducive for infections. The best way to avoid ear infections is to regularly clean your bulldog’s ears. Find out how by watching the video below.
One of the most easily recognizable dog breeds is the English bulldog, thanks to its large, round head and stocky frame. English bulldog is considered to be extremely ugly or extremely beautiful depending on the eyes of the beholder. The English bulldogs, however, is not spared from having health problems especially its skin. Get to know the common skin problems that your pet may be or possibly suffer in the future.
Eczema
Eczema or canine atopic dermatitis is the most common skin problem in the English bulldog. Eczema is a non-parasitic infection that produces dry, itchy skin often manifesting in scaly bumps or open sores. The causes of the said skin disease are allergies, stress, and insect bites. It tends to be worse in the warm, summer months.
What to do
The need to regularly ensure the proper care of the bulldog’s skin is needed to avoid eczema. You can make sure that your dog’s skin is moisturized with the use of emolients that greatly reduce outbreaks of this condition. Incorporate lamb meat in your bulldog’s diet since it can help treat cases of eczema.
Dermatitis, pyoderma and staph
The three common bacterial skin infections affecting English bulldogs are dermatitis, pyoderma and staph. These infections affect the skin surface and cal also penetrates the skin deeply. Allergies, insect bites or moisture in the skin of bulldogs can be a predisposing factor.
What to do
You should go see your vet as soon as possible. Your vet may prescribe oral antibiotic and medicated shampoos to treat your dog.
Seborrhea
Another common skin problem with English bulldog is seborrhea. It causes the skin to become either excessively oily or excessively dry. Infections, either bacterial or fungal also cause this skin condition. The infection appears as inflamed patches of skin that gives off a bad odor.
What to do
Your vet can treat this infection with an antibiotic. Seborrhea manifests in the bulldog without nay signs of infections. In this case, you can treat seborrhea with shampoos and food supplements.
Hot spots
Hot spots are also known as acute moist dermatitis that appears as round, hairless, itchy sores on the superficial layer of the skin. It can be an allergic reaction to insect bites, parasites, food and even anal gland problems. The bulldog often attempts to relive the pain or itchiness of these sores by chewing or licking them. These actions lead to further inflammation.
What to do
Trimming the hair around them can treat hot spots, cleaning the area with Nolvasan solution and applying a medication such as Domeboro powder.
Acne
The English bulldog breed can be prone to acne. It is caused by dirt entering the pores of the skin as well as allergic reactions. Acne afflicts younger bulldogs that appear as pimples or blackheads on the lips, chin, and muzzle. Acne does not usually bother the bulldog not unless the areas become severely infected.
What to do
Your vet can prescribe acne-cleaning shampoo in more severe cases.
English bulldogs, and other dog breeds, are not spared from having dangerous internal parasites lurking in their gastro intestinal tract. The heartworm poses intensely serious risk to dogs. As the name “heartworm” suggests, an infected mosquito injects lava into the dog’s circulatory system. The lava in turn occupies a particular area in the heart, consuming cardiac muscle while it grows and reproduces at an alarming rate. Dogs are known to be host up to 200 worms!
Signs and symptoms of heartworm
The manifestations of heartworm in dogs, including English bulldogs, vary from case to case. It includes loss of energy, loss of appetite, coughing, anemia, and development of a pot belly. Far more intensive effects on the dog are predictable such as cardiac failure over a year or two, resulting to death.
Treatment of heartworm
The process of eliminating heartworm infection on dogs can be difficult. It involves an attempt to poison the healthy worm with the aide of arsenic compounds without harming (or killing) the sick and weak dog. In most cases, this attempt fails. Blood testing for heartworms does not indicate the severity of the infection.
Prevention is a much better and effective option. The treatment of heartworm should start at about six weeks of age. A prophylactic dose should be given monthly.
Other internal parasites
The dog’s intestines can be a breeding ground of internal parasites such as roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. Roundworms live in the dog’s intestines. They grow about 10 centimeters long and are white in color. About 70% puppies will be infected with Toxocare; the most common term used for roundworms, either as a fetus or from their mother’s milk after birth. It is imperative to deworm pregnant bitches with an appropriate product to help prevent the transmission of worms to their puppies.
Signs of parasite infection
Puppies that are infected exhibit abdominal distension, vomiting, diarrhea and debility. Puppies could be infected without obviously showing any signs of worms.
If you do see worms, it is a sign of a very severe infection. In this case, a professional advice of your vet is recommended. The greatest danger of this parasite is that infects people too. Before that happens to you, test your dog regularly for roundworms. Toxocariasis in humans will cause epilepsy or blindness.
Tapeworms are carried by fleas can be ingurgitated by infected dogs then transmitted to humans. Your mother was right with washing your hands before you eat or even when you cook. Tapeworms can be evident around the anal area or on the bedding. These worms are white in color and look similar to grains of rice. Tapeworms do not often affect puppies. The tapeworm disease is not life threatening in dogs but is a cause of liver disease for humans.
Prevention
All dogs should be treated for worms on a regular basis preferably every three months regardless if there are signs of infection or not. Puppies should be treated every 2 weeks from 4 weeks of age until they are 12 weeks old and after every month until they are 6 months old. Children are at the highest risk of parasite infection when you keep a dog in your household. If you have young children at home, teach them to always wash their hands after petting or any physical contact with dogs.
02 Nov 2009
English bulldogs fall under the category of bradycephalic breed. As such breed requires careful management, know how to control or better yet avoid placing your dear English bulldog at risk form heatstroke.
All short-nosed breeds (a.k.a. bradycephalic breeds) like bulldogs and pugs must be carefully managed in extremely hot weather. Most novice pet owners generally are surprised how fast an English bulldog submits to heatstroke.
Contrary to what most people believe, dogs are more vulnerable to heatstroke than man. Dogs overheat more quickly despite of their fur coat worn all year long. Dogs do not sweat off the heat. They cool down either by panting or blowing out heat. This mechanism renders less effective than sweating.
What heat stroke does to your dog’s body?
Heat stroke occurs when heat gain goes beyond the body’s capacity to dissipate heat. High temperatures cause chemical reactions that breakdown body cells resulting to dehydration and blood thickening. These results place enormous strain on the heart causing blood clots and eventual tissue necrosis or death of the tissue. Heat stroke quickly affects the liver, brain, and intestinal cells. The normal body of a dog is about 101 F to 102 F. Thus, if its temperature goes beyond 106 F, it is in danger of brain damage, vital organ failure and death. The temperature of 106 F can be extremely dangerous. A dog can recover from heat stroke but has to deal with organ damage and lifelong health problems.
Signs and symptoms of heat stroke
• Rapid, frantic panting
• Wide eyes
• Thick saliva
• Bright red tongue
• Vomiting
• Staggering
• Diarrhea
• Coma
First aid
Never underestimate heat stroke. Heat stroke is deadly! When your dog suffers from heat stroke, cool your dog in any way you can. Send your dog to a vet for immediate medical intervention. Hose your dog off, immerse it in cool (not in cold water), use fans, take your dog to air conditioning. Sponge the groin area, tummy area, wet its tongue, place rolled up wet towels against its head, neck, tummy, and between its legs. Always check its temperature. Stop cooling your dog once it drops to 104 F or 103 F.
Treatment
If your dog’s temperature remains high by the time you brought it to the vet’s clinic, they may give him a cool water enema, cool water gastric lavage to rinse the stomach, and intravenous (IV) fluids, and draw blood samples. Your dog will be monitored for shock, kidney failure, heart abnormalities, respiratory stress, and blood clotting time. Your vet should give oxygen, dextrose, cortisone, antihistamines, anticoagulants, or antibiotics to stabilize your dog. It is necessary to give follow up treatment after your dog is stabilized.
Prevention of heat stroke
• Do not ever leave your dog (or English bulldog) in a parked car even for a few minutes! A parked car traps heat in a matter of minutes that could be as high as 40 degrees above the outdoor temperature. Let’s say the temperature is 80 F, a parked car can reach 120 F in ten minutes especially on a sunny day. It is not a big help to leave the car windows crack a little open.
• If you have to let your dog stay outdoors, provide shade, ventilation, wading pool, and cool drinking water. Remember that the shade moves as the earth rotates.
• Store enough water in containers large enough to supply water all the time. Secure the water containers so they won’t topple over and spill.
• Make sure that dogs on a leash wouldn’t wind their leash around an object that prevents access to water.
• Clip heavy coated dogs to an inch in length. Leave one inch for heat insulation and protection against sunburn.
• Let your dog get accustom to warm weather and several days to acclimate.
• Don’t exercise your bulldog on hot days.
16 Oct 2009
Beware of unwanted reactions for letting your sick dogs have their dose of vaccination. You are placing your beloved dog into grave danger.
All vaccine labels and inserts indicate that vaccines are intended for use in “healthy dogs only“. It does not, however, provide an explicit definition of “healthy“.
Knowledgeable vet agree that certain animals should not be vaccinated. The only exception to the rule is the urgent need to vaccinate such as inevitable exposure to a life threatening disease. These includes, but aren’t limited to, pets with autoimmune disease; pets undergoing chemotherapy; radiation or surgery including dental cleaning or neutering; pets with autoimmune disease, cancer, severe allergies and skin diseases; pets fighting an illness or parasites; pets stressed from shipment or a move to a new home; malnourished pets; and dying housebound pets. The case of vaccinating already sick dogs and pets is similar to adding fuel to a raging fire.
Vaccination is without a doubt a huge business. Dogs and cats alike need an advocate possessing common sense and firm will to stand up in behalf of their pets, which is you!
“Above All Do No Harm”
Vaccinating a stressed or ill dog violates our Hippocratic oath: Above All Do No Harm. When an animal is going in for surgery or chemo, or has an autoimmune disease or neoplastic condition [a tumor], or even a chronic immune challenge such as allergies or endocrine/metabolic diseases, they are at a high increased risk to an adverse reaction to any vaccine.
Why vaccinating a sick pet is a big no no!
Pets eventually develop adverse reactions when receiving vaccine shots during sickly time. It ranges from fever to seizures to autoimmune disease to anaphylactic shock, and even death.
Shots given to unhealthy animals may fail to render immunity. Furthermore, it gives you a false sense of security that your dog or cat is protected from diseases. Plus, the stress posed on the immune system may be diverted to handle the shot instead of fighting the existing illness.
Vaccine manufacturer Pfizer states, regarding precautions when using their rabies vaccine: “A protective immune response may not be elicited if animals are incubating an infectious disease, are malnourished or parasitized, are stressed due to shipment or environmental conditions, are otherwise immuno-compromised.”
According to the University of Nebraska’s “Understanding Vaccines”: “While it is common to vaccinate stressed animals, these animals are more susceptible to adverse vaccine reactions and frequently do not develop an adequate immune response. Immune stressed animals develop limited protection from vaccination.”
Drugs.com states, regarding the Rabies vaccine precaution, “level of performance may be affected by conditions of use such as stress, weather, nutrition, disease, parasitism, other treatments, individual idiosyncrasies or impaired immunological competency. These factors should be considered by the user when evaluating product performance or freedom from reactions.”
Humans are at risk if a rabies shot fails thus leaving pets infected with rabies. The danger of vaccinating sick and chronically ill pets that most, if not all, state and local health authorities allow a temporary or permanent exemption from rabies vaccination for these pets.
The gap between the last shot of vaccination and onset of adverse reactions develops over a few weeks or months. You may not be able to link the vaccine shot as the cause of the symptom, which can turn into deadly. Your vet probably won’t link it either.
What to do when your sick pet is scheduled for vaccination
Before you make that appointment, read my article 10 tips to get rid of unnecessary shots of your dog.
Your pet may not even need the recommended shots. If your dog needs vaccination for licensing, ask your vet to apply for a temporary or permanent exemption to the rabies shot.
Arm yourself with knowledge about vaccine duration of immunity. Talk openly with your vet about postponing shots until your dog is well. Find another vet if your request could not be granted.
Be bold and stand up for your pet especially when he or she is not feeling well. Just say NO to vaccinations and start researching and titer testing.
15 Oct 2009
More than half of America ’s pets are overweight. ”Pudgy pooches and fat cats are now the norm,” states Dr. Ernie Ward, founder and President of the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention (APOP). “This is the first generation of pets that will not live as long as their parents. Even worse, the majority of today’s overweight pets will endure painful and expensive medical conditions – all of which can be avoided.”
Majority of today’s overweight pets will endure painful and expensive medical conditions that are easily preventable in the first place. This is the first generation of pets that will not live as long as their parents.
Cause
Excess carbohydrate is the main culprit to the obesity epidemic. Pets living in the modern world consume high carbohydrate and sugar treats that change their brain chemistry. It encourages them to crave these foods even more.
Cure
Almost everyone seek for a magic pill that will lose excess weight overnight. The most cheapest, safest and easiest cure is right there in front of us: eat less, eat healthier and exercise. Opt to let your pet snack on a high-protein alternative food instead of a highly processed carbohydrate-based diet. Make sure to give your pet its daily dose of exercise. Pet owners can also benefit with the daily walks with their pets. Your best workout buddy is your dog. They are more than wiling to go out for a walk and stretch their limbs.
Currently APOP estimates 50% of dogs and cats in the United States are overweight or obese (84 million). 44% of our canine companions are overweight or obese (33 million) and a staggering 57% of our cats are too heavy (51 million). Pet Obesity Prevention will hold its third annual National Pet Obesity Awareness Day today, October 14th to raise awareness. Hundred of vets will gather data on the waistline of our nation’s pets.
Health Risks associated with Obesity in Pets
1. Osteoarthritis
2. High blood pressure
3. Type 2 diabetes (cats)
4. Insulin resistance (dogs)
5. Kidney disease
6. Cancer
7. High cholesterol
8. Respiratory disease
9. Skin disease
10. Increased surgical complications
About APOP and Dr. Ward
The Association for Pet Obesity Prevention is an independent organization not associated with any veterinary pharmaceutical, pet food, or other veterinary industry organization. Dr. Ernie Ward is a licensed veterinarian, certified personal trainer, and USA Triathlon accredited coach. He and APOP help people and pets lose weight and sustain a healthy lifestyle by creating parallel weight loss and lifestyle programs.
Contact
Dr. Ernie Ward
910-579-5550
01 Oct 2009
It is quite an irony for a vaccine to protect humans from infectious bites yet potentially make dogs sick and even cause their death.
A study is now in progress at the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison to determine how long a new, more potent rabies vaccine protects dogs from the virus.
The Rabies Challenge Fund study, headed by veterinarian Ronald Schultz, aims to find out if the vaccine provides immunity in canines for as long as seven years. The vaccine’s name is withheld and marked as confidential, as it is yet to be licensed and is not yet on the market.
Most states and local authorities currently require owners to vaccinate their dogs every three years. If this study proves the current law wrong then animal advocates whose pets were harmed by rabies vaccinations and helped raise money to conduct the study plan to make a nationwide push to extend mandated intervals for boosters.
The two-phase study should be completed in 2013 and 2015.
Jean Dodds, DVM, of Garden Grove, Calif., is one of the researchers involved in the study. She says allowing dogs to be given fewer rabies boosters during their lifetime would significantly reduce adverse the most common vaccine reactions, including seizures, rashes, tumors at the injection site and even death.
Doods reported that “a lot of people have not associated the sudden death or illness of their pet with the vaccination because they weren’t motivated to look at the association.” She added that’s why many veterinarians have not recognized the link between dogs’ death and rabies vaccine.
Currently 14 rabies vaccines for canines are on the market. Vaccines must be shown safe for use before a license is granted by the federal government’s Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB), a regulatory procedure that’s been in place since 1922.
In a special report, however, published in April’s edition of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA), veterinarian Timothy Frana and his colleagues said evaluations of rabies vaccines before licensure “may not detect all safety concerns” for a number of reasons, including insufficient duration of observation and interactions with products administered at the same time.
Based on the report, during a three-year period (from April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2007), nearly 120 million doses of rabies vaccine (for all species) were distributed in the United States. During that time frame, manufacturers of rabies vaccines received nearly 10,000 adverse reports concerning their products, according the JAVMA report. Out of the 10,000 adverse reports, 65 percent involved dogs.
Due to the large volume of reports, the paper’s authors did not review individual cases.
Instead, they turned their attention to 246 adverse event reports filed for dogs with the CVB during the same period, where rabies was identified as one of the products administered.
About two dozen symptoms were reported including, vomiting, facial swelling, injection site pain, lethargy and circulatory shock. In 12 cases, lack of consciousness and death occurred.
Still, the authors concluded the report’s findings “do not suggest a high frequency or unexpected pattern of adverse events associated with the use of rabies vaccines in veterinary medicine.”
Nonetheless, Shawn Messonnier who is a holistic veterinarian in Plano, Texas, looks forward to the new study’s results and a time when dogs can undergo dramatically fewer rabies vaccinations in their lifetimes.
“It’s important to determine the maximum duration of effectiveness so that we do not over-vaccinate pets,” he said.
(News courtesy of Maryann Mott, Special to LiveScience)
Dog vaccination is left at the hands of our vets. Pet owners trust their advice unbiased by economic and political concerns. On the contrary, it is not an easy task for vets to stay updated on veterinary journal reading and actually integrate new findings into their practice.
Vaccination is a serious medical procedure that can potentially affect health, both in short or long term basis. Experts advise pet owners to vaccinate pets according to its individual needs. Read through this guide to get rid of unnecessary shots while actually enhancing health.
1. Don’t allow your vet, kennel owner or groomer to intimidate you into giving unnecessary shots.
When your vet pushes you to give your dog vaccine shots. Suggest titer testing for parvovirus or distemper. As a client, you have the right to select treatment as well as the right to refuse treatment that you think is not necessary. Require written proof from experts that your dog needs any shot. It is a very important issue with your dog’s lifelong health is at stake.
2. Eliminate vaccines on the “not recommended” list.
The American Hospital Association’s Canine Vaccine Task Force as well as most veterinary organizations and schools have released a not recommended list of vaccines. It includes Giardia and Corona virus, found in many combination shots.
3. Firmly say no to combination shots.
Combo shots, called names like DHLPPC, assault your dog’s immune system with five or seven vaccines at once. It is given for false economic reasons and convenience rather than health or safety. The combination shots are linked to autoimmune disease and other major health problems. It has been found that combo shots invariably contain unnecessary and even dangerous vaccines.
4. Stop vaccinating against diseases for which your dog may already have immunity.
Titer testing is a great use to determine the shots that your dog needs. Blood serological studies show that parvovirus vaccines given to dogs over 15-16 weeks of age generally give at least 7 years of immunity, as does the Rockborn distemper strain. (The Onderstepoort strain gives 5 years.) Ask your vet which vaccine your dog received.
5. Always consider locale, lifestyle, risk and vaccine effectiveness.
Bordetella (a.k.a. kennel cough) is for dogs in poorly ventilated close quarters like kennels, not for pets sometimes playing with others. Leptospirosis is a disease of wetlands and woodlands, and the vaccine may not protect against the actual disease in your area. Lyme is only for dogs in areas with Lyme disease. Furthermore, each of these vaccines has dangerous side effects and their efficacy is questionable. Don’t give them without proven need and benefit.
6. Test immunity. Don’t automatically re-vaccinate.
Titer tests are blood tests measuring antibodies to disease. Renowned pet vaccination expert Dr. Ron Schultz believes that titer tests yielding strong titers for parvovirus and distemper means not vaccinating against these diseases for years and maybe life. (Note: Don’t expect everyone to accept test results in lieu of vaccination. This subject is complicated, and most people are programmed to think of vaccination as “the gold standard.” Also, the absence of strong titers does not necessarily mean that a dog needs a “booster.”)
7. Never vaccinate sick dogs.
All vaccine labels state that they’re to be used in healthy animals. Do not be too unmindful of labels given that vaccine labels do not define “healthy”. As a result, sick pets, immune-compromised pets, pets undergoing chemo and surgery, and even dying housebound pets are vaccinated. Any shots given to an unhealthy animal may well not provide immunity and is likely to develop an adverse reaction, even death. Regarding the rabies vaccine: chronically ill or immune-compromised pets may be eligible for a rabies shot exemption for a specified period or even life.
8. Don’t vaccinate puppies too early.
You end up wasting money on vaccines when you vaccinate your puppies too early. Vaccinating pups that still have maternal immunity is unnecessary and ineffective. Most vets suggest waiting until at least 8 weeks of age. Some experts suggest waiting until 3-4 months to vaccinate puppies, keeping pups away from public places and strange dogs until immunity is proven by strong titers.
9. Insist that your vet documents any adverse vaccine reactions in detail.
Someday you may want to apply for rabies vaccine exemption. The dangers of rabies vaccine can be fatal to your dear dogs. Always think of the safety and health of your dog. Too much vaccination can be harmful to pets.
10. Make copies of dog licenses and vet files and store them in a safe place.
Lastly, keep all important documents to prove your dog’s immunity from vaccination. Some clinics go bankrupt, lose records etc. The last things you want to do is to have your dog vaccinate sooner than necessary due to missing records.
25 Sep 2009
A very well known fact about rabies vaccine is that it is only legally required vaccine for companion animals in the United States. It is administered primarily to protect humans from their pets in cases of pets bitten by rabid bats, coyotes, racoons, foxes, or other animals.
Your vet may never tell you that rabies vaccine is very dangerous. Rabies vaccine sounds like a good thing for pets but did you know that it is known to cause serious, and fatal, side effects in cats and dogs, as listed below:
Immediately or up to 3 days after the shot:
Vomiting
Facial swelling
Fever or lethargy
Circulatory shock
Loss of consciousness
Death
Days, weeks or months after the shot:
Fibrosarconoma (cancer) at the injection site
Seizures and epilepsy
Allergies
Autoimmune diseases, including organ disease, allergies and skin problems
Chronic digestive problems
Muscle weakness, especially lack of hind end coordination
Chronic digestive disorders
Skin diseases such as Ischemic Dermatopathy or cutaneous vasculitis
Behavior problems – aggression, destructive behaviors, separation anxiety and odd obsessive behaviors (like tail chasing and paw licking).
Delayed and unexpected reactions seldom get linked to the vaccines that caused them. Chronic symptoms of a reaction to the rabies vaccine can mimic noninfectious symptoms of rabies include restlessness; viciousness; avoidance of company; unusual affection; desire to travel; inability to be restrained; self biting; strange cries and howls; inability to swallow resulting in gagging while eating/drinking; staring eyes; swallowing wood, stones, non-edibles; destruction of blankets, clothing; convulsive seizures; throat spasms; increased sexual desires; disturbed heart function; excited and jerky breathing.
In worse case scenarios when your English bulldog, other dog breed, or pet cat does develop reactions from rabies vaccine. Report any reactions you think might be linked to the shot to your vet immediately. Here is what you should do when this happens:
1. Get the lot number of the vaccine used, brand name, date given and location of the shot on the dog’s body and report the reaction and diagnosis to the vaccine manufacturer. The manufacturer will sometimes pay for treatment.
2. Have your vet document every step of the dog’s treatment and detail the reactions. And have your vet sign his/her notes and get a copy. This is very important! You will need the documentation to apply for an exemption when the shot is due again.
A dog living to age fourteen would only get 3 shots in its lifetime, not the currently required 6 to 15 shots.
Not all pet owners are warned about these possible adverse effects. Despite an obvious display of the side effects listed above, chances are your vet may not share to make you aware of the connection between the vaccine and the effects to your dog. The vet may not even recognize these rare reactions. All reporting are done voluntarily thus adverse reactions are seldom reported. Report adverse reactions (side effects) of vaccines here:
This is a new page from the AVMA:
Click here.
On-line reporting form:
Online reporting form
You’ll need to get a lot of the information from your vet. Do not expect your vet to make the report. Underreporting is commonplace.
More reporting information and options:
Click here.
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QUESTION
“English bulldog make loving companions. I’m concerned whether it is perfectly alright to have my bulldog get its first shot before age of 8 weeks? Do you also have information about vaccination of English bulldog puppies?”
Answer 1:
The earliest vaccination is advisable is at 8 weeks… earlier than that, and the vaccine will stress the immune system and will not provide immunity.
Bulldogs have a tendency to have crappy immune systems, anyway. Vaccination as early as five or six weeks can do serious damage and further impair their immune systems.
Answer 2:
You should probably talk to your vet about this one…
Some do it differently than others, and as you may know some depend on the breed of dog, age, etc.
But the one I went through:
1.) The three vaccinations for parvo, only one of which she recieved and then contracted the disease before I could get her vaccinated for the second time.
**But they are suppose to be administered by injection 3 times every 3 weeks when the pup is 8 weeks of age.
2.) Then once the pup is over 4 months of age, they get their rabie shot.
3.) You need to get a preventative for heart worms, fleas ticks all the stuff. This should be continuous all year long.
4.) Then once a year they need to be brought back to the vet for a parvo and rabies booster.
But like I said you should talk to your vet and he will work out a vaccination plan with you for you and your companion.
***Please make sure you get all of your dogs vaccinated, especially for parvo. It is a deadly disease and is HEARTBREAKING to watch your best friend go through. It is almost always fatal and is a lot less expensive to prevent it than it is to cure it!***
Answer 3:
Vaccinations depend on where you live and what you will do with your dog. A hunting dog will need a more complete bunch of shots then a sedate lazy Bulldog. Pups usually get 3 Distemper etc shots then rabies at 4 months then a year later the Distemper etc a 3 yr rabies then no more shots for 3 years. If you live with a tick problem then you need the tick shot, if you have a hunting dog or run your dog around snakes you need an anti venom shot, if you live on a farm or your dog will be around rats then your dog needs lepto. Your vet should know the proper shots your dog will require for it’s environment. I do not give lepto and do give the rest every 3 yrs until the dog is 7-8 yrs old then only the rabies every 3 yrs. I buy the Intranasal KC vacs and give them every 6-12 months.